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How Many People Have High Blood Pressure Worldwide? [2025 Data]
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📊 Statistics & Data Report
GlobalAfricaNigeria
WHO Report 2025Updated 2025
How Many People Have High Blood Pressure Globally? [2025 Data]
1.4 billion people worldwide have hypertension — yet 4 in 5 do not have it under control. The WHO calls it the world's leading preventable cause of premature death. Here is every number you need, sourced and verified.
🔬 Primary Answer
1.4 Billion
Adults aged 30–79 worldwide living with hypertension in 2024 — 1 in 3 adults in this age group
Source: WHO Global Report on Hypertension 2025 · September 23, 2025
🔍 Commonly Searched Topics
- How many people have high blood pressure in Nigeria?
- What is normal blood pressure for adults?
- How many people die from hypertension per year?
- What causes high blood pressure?
- Hypertension prevalence in Africa 2024 2025
- Best medications for high blood pressure Nigeria
🌍 Where Readers Come From
- Nigeria — 30%+ adult prevalence
- Africa — world's highest regional prevalence (46%)
- South Asia — largest absolute burden
- United States — 47% of adults affected
- United Kingdom & Europe
- Healthcare professionals & pharmacists
🌐
Section 1
Global Prevalence — The Big Numbers
The WHO Global Report on Hypertension 2025 — released on September 23, 2025 at the 80th UN General Assembly — provides the most comprehensive global picture of hypertension ever assembled. These are the headline statistics.
🌍1.4 Billion
Adults with hypertension globally (2024)
1 in 3 adults aged 30–79 worldwide. Up from 650 million in 1990 — a 115% increase in just 34 years. Two-thirds live in low- and middle-income countries.
WHO Global Report on Hypertension 2025 · September 2025
💀10 Million+
Deaths from uncontrolled hypertension every year
WHO Director-General Dr Tedros: "Every hour, over 1,000 lives are lost to strokes and heart attacks from high blood pressure — and most of these deaths are preventable."
WHO / Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, September 2025
🔕600 Million
Adults with hypertension who are unaware (2024)
44% of all people with hypertension do not know they have it — making it the textbook "silent killer." Undiagnosed hypertension continues to damage organs for years before detection.
WHO Hypertension Fact Sheet · Updated September 2025
💊630 Million
Adults diagnosed and on treatment (2024)
44% of all hypertensive adults are diagnosed and receiving treatment — but treatment does not always equal control. Being on medication is not enough if blood pressure remains elevated.
WHO Hypertension Fact Sheet · Updated September 2025
✅320 Million
Adults with hypertension that is under control (2024)
Only 23% — fewer than 1 in 4 — of all adults living with hypertension have their blood pressure adequately controlled. 99 countries have national control rates below 20%.
WHO Global Report on Hypertension 2025
📈650M → 1.4B
Growth in hypertension cases: 1990 to 2024
Cases doubled in 34 years — driven largely by ageing populations and lifestyle changes in low- and middle-income countries. The rise in LMICs far outpaces any progress in high-income countries.
WHO Hypertension Fact Sheet · September 2025
🚨 The Core Problem
Only 1 in 5 people with hypertension worldwide has it under control — despite it being both preventable and treatable
Of the 1.4 billion people living with hypertension in 2024, only 320 million (23%) have adequate blood pressure control. 99 out of 195 countries have national control rates below 20%. Only 28% of low-income countries report that all WHO-recommended hypertension medicines are generally available in pharmacies or primary care facilities. In Nigeria, treatment rates are improving but remain critically low relative to the scale of the problem — with millions of Nigerians undiagnosed, untreated, and at daily risk of stroke, heart attack, and kidney failure.
Source: WHO Global Report on Hypertension 2025 · Released September 23, 2025 · WHO, Bloomberg Philanthropies, Resolve to Save Lives
📊
Section 2
The Hypertension Control Cascade — Where People Fall Through
Of every 100 adults with hypertension globally, here is how many make it through each stage of the care cascade — from having it, to knowing it, to treating it, to controlling it.
100%
Have Hypertension
1.4 billion adults aged 30–79 globally in 2024
WHO Fact Sheet, 2025
56%
Are Diagnosed
44% (600 million) are completely unaware of their condition
WHO Fact Sheet, 2025
44%
Are On Treatment
~630 million adults are diagnosed and receiving medication
WHO Fact Sheet, 2025
23%
Are Controlled
Only 320 million have blood pressure adequately under control
WHO Fact Sheet, 2025
⚕️
Section 3
What Uncontrolled Hypertension Does to the Body
Hypertension earns its "silent killer" title precisely because it causes no pain — while steadily damaging the heart, brain, kidneys, and eyes. These are the complication statistics.
❤️#1 Risk Factor
For heart attack and cardiovascular disease globally
High systolic blood pressure is the single leading global risk factor for cardiovascular disease deaths. In 2019, high systolic BP accounted for 10.8 million deaths — 19.2% of all global deaths that year.
GBD 2019 / PMC / NCD-RisC, 2021
🧠50%
Of heart disease and stroke deaths caused by hypertension
Hypertension accounts for approximately half of all heart disease and stroke-related deaths worldwide. Stroke is the most frequent fatal complication — hypertension multiplies stroke risk by 4–6 times.
Healthline / WHO, 2025
🫁2nd leading
Cause of end-stage kidney disease globally
Hypertension is the second leading cause of kidney failure worldwide. Deaths from high blood pressure-related kidney disease rose 48% over 25 years (1999–2023) in the USA alone. (American Heart Association, 2025)
AHA / American Heart Association, September 2025
💰$3.7 Trillion
Cost of cardiovascular diseases to LMICs (2011–2025)
Cardiovascular diseases — driven primarily by hypertension — are projected to cost low- and middle-income countries approximately $3.7 trillion between 2011 and 2025, equivalent to ~2% of their GDP.
WHO Global Report on Hypertension 2025 · Lancet, Nov 2025
👁️Leading cause
Of hypertensive retinopathy and preventable vision loss
Uncontrolled hypertension damages retinal blood vessels, causing hypertensive retinopathy — a leading cause of preventable blindness, particularly in settings where blood pressure is rarely monitored.
WHO / Lancet, 2025
🧩Major factor
In dementia and cognitive decline
Uncontrolled hypertension is recognised as a major modifiable risk factor for dementia. The WHO 2025 report lists dementia alongside stroke, heart attack, and kidney failure as primary preventable complications.
WHO Global Report on Hypertension 2025
🇳🇬
Section 4 — Nigeria Deep Dive
Nigeria: A Hypertension Epidemic in Plain Sight
Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease and a major driver of sudden death in Nigeria. The burden has grown dramatically since the 1990s — yet awareness and control remain dangerously low.
Nigeria Hypertension Statistics
Africa's Largest Population — Highest Burden
30–34%
Crude prevalence of hypertension in Nigerian adults
Adeloye et al., J Clin Hypertens, 2021 · Shogade et al., EHJ, 2024
540%
Increase in absolute hypertension cases from 1995 to 2020
Adeloye et al., J Clin Hypertens, 2021
57%
Of hypertensive Nigerians are aware of their diagnosis
Shogade et al., European Heart Journal, Oct 2024
Only 3%
Control rate — hypertension controlled as % of all cases
Adeloye et al., systematic review, 2021
A landmark 2021 systematic review of 53 Nigerian studies (n = 78,949 participants) by Adeloye et al. in the Journal of Clinical Hypertension found a crude prevalence of hypertension of 30.6% in Nigeria — with absolute cases increasing by a staggering 540% between 1995 and 2020. A 2024 European Heart Journal study tracking trends over 4 years found 33.9% of adults screened had hypertension, with prevalence ranging from 39.7% in 2020 to 26.8% in 2023 as control programmes improve.
The most alarming finding from Nigeria's data is the catastrophic gap between prevalence and control. While 57% of hypertensive Nigerians are now aware of their condition — a significant improvement from the 17.4% awareness rate of earlier years — treatment and especially control remain severely low. The 2021 systematic review found a treatment rate of only 12% and a control rate of just 3% of all hypertension cases. This means 97 out of every 100 Nigerians with hypertension do not have it under control.
There is hope in recent programme data. The Hypertension Treatment in Nigeria (HTN) Program — implemented at primary healthcare centres across the country — reported treatment rates exceeding 90% and control rates above 50% among over 21,000 registered patients by December 2023. Community-based screening in Lagos in 2023 also revealed high rates of undiagnosed hypertension in urban settings, underscoring the need for mass opportunistic screening at pharmacies, workplaces, and public spaces.
Key risk factors in Nigeria: Age (55+), overweight/obesity, low physical activity, excessive alcohol consumption, and high dietary salt intake. Urban Nigerians are disproportionately affected compared to rural populations, reflecting the double burden of urbanisation and changing dietary habits. Women show a rising prevalence trajectory that now matches or exceeds men in some study populations.
Africa context: The WHO African Region has the highest hypertension prevalence of any WHO region globally at 46% — compared to the global average of 33%. Nigeria, as Africa's most populous country, bears the continent's largest absolute burden of hypertension. A 2024 JACC study covering 37 African countries from 2003 to 2022 confirmed the rising trajectory of hypertension-related morbidity across sub-Saharan Africa, with treatment and control rates far below what is needed to prevent premature cardiovascular deaths.
🗺️
Section 5
Hypertension Prevalence by WHO Region — 2024
Hypertension affects every region globally, but its burden varies dramatically — from 29% in the Western Pacific to 46% in Africa and 38% in the Eastern Mediterranean.
📋
Section 6 — Quick Reference
Key Hypertension Statistics at a Glance
All headline statistics in one verifiable table — spanning 1990 to 2025. Journalists and researchers may cite these with attribution to the primary sources listed.
Hypertension — Master Data Table
Cite with attribution to enavecpharmacy.com
| Statistic | Figure | Year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adults with hypertension globally (30–79 yrs) | 1.4 billion | 2024 | WHO Global Report on Hypertension 2025 |
| Adults with hypertension globally (30–79 yrs) | 1.28 billion | 2023 | WHO First Global Hypertension Report, 2023 |
| Adults with hypertension globally | 972 million | 2000 | Kearney et al. / PMC, historical |
| Adults with hypertension globally | 650 million | 1990 | WHO Hypertension Fact Sheet, 2025 |
| Hypertension prevalence — global (adults 30–79) | 33% | 2024 | WHO Fact Sheet, September 2025 |
| Deaths from uncontrolled hypertension per year | >10 million | 2024 | WHO / Dr Tedros, September 2025 |
| High systolic BP deaths as % of all global deaths | 19.2% | 2019 | GBD 2019 / NCD-RisC, Lancet 2021 |
| Adults unaware of hypertension diagnosis | 600 million (44%) | 2024 | WHO Fact Sheet, September 2025 |
| Adults on hypertension treatment | 630 million (44%) | 2024 | WHO Fact Sheet, September 2025 |
| Adults with hypertension under control | 320 million (23%) | 2024 | WHO Fact Sheet, September 2025 |
| Countries with control rates below 20% | 99 countries | 2025 | WHO Global Report on Hypertension 2025 |
| Low-income countries with all WHO BP meds available | 28% | 2025 | WHO Global Report on Hypertension 2025 |
| CVD cost to LMICs (2011–2025) | USD 3.7 trillion | Projected | Lancet / WHO Global Report, Nov 2025 |
| Africa WHO region — hypertension prevalence | 46% | 2024 | WHO Hypertension Fact Sheet, 2025 |
| Eastern Mediterranean — hypertension prevalence | 38% | 2024 | WHO Hypertension Fact Sheet, 2025 |
| Western Pacific — hypertension prevalence (lowest) | 29% | 2024 | WHO Hypertension Fact Sheet, 2025 |
| Nigeria — crude prevalence (adults) | 30.6% | 2021 | Adeloye et al., J Clin Hypertens, 2021 |
| Nigeria — hypertension awareness rate | ~57% | 2024 | Shogade et al., EHJ, Oct 2024 |
| Nigeria — treatment rate (% of all cases) | 12% | 2021 | Adeloye et al., J Clin Hypertens, 2021 |
| Nigeria — control rate (% of all cases) | 3% | 2021 | Adeloye et al., J Clin Hypertens, 2021 |
| Nigeria — increase in absolute cases (1995–2020) | 540% | 2021 | Adeloye et al., J Clin Hypertens, 2021 |
| Nigeria HTN Program — control rate among enrolled pts | >50% | 2023 | Ogungbe et al., Glob Health Res Policy, 2024 |
| South Korea — national control rate (best practice) | ~59% | 2022 | WHO Global Report on Hypertension 2025 |
| USA — hypertension prevalence (adults) | ~47% | 2018 | NHANES / PMC, 2024 |
📅
Section 7
Historical Timeline — From Discovery to Global Crisis
Over 120 years of discovery, measurement, and growing urgency — from the first blood pressure device to the 2025 WHO Global Report declaring hypertension a global emergency.
1896
The sphygmomanometer — first practical blood pressure measurement device
Italian physician Scipione Riva-Rocci develops the first practical cuff-based sphygmomanometer, allowing non-invasive blood pressure measurement for the first time. This device — refined by Korotkoff in 1905 — remains the foundation of hypertension diagnosis today.
Source: Historical medical records
1940s–1950s
First antihypertensive drugs developed
The first antihypertensive medications — including ganglionic blockers — are developed in the 1940s. By the 1950s, the link between high blood pressure and heart attack and stroke is scientifically established, transforming hypertension from a curiosity to a public health priority.
Source: Medical history records / Framingham Heart Study, 1948
1948–1971
Framingham Heart Study establishes hypertension as a major CVD risk factor
The landmark Framingham Heart Study, begun in 1948, definitively establishes that high blood pressure is the leading modifiable risk factor for heart attack, stroke, and cardiovascular mortality — a finding that still shapes medical practice globally today.
Source: Framingham Heart Study / NHLBI, USA
2000
972 million adults living with hypertension globally
Kearney et al. estimate 972 million adults worldwide have hypertension in the year 2000, with nearly two-thirds in developing countries. Their projection of 1.56 billion cases by 2025 would prove partially correct — the actual 2024 figure of 1.4 billion represents the scale of the epidemic but also some success in prevention in high-income countries.
Source: Kearney et al., PMC / WHO data, 2000
2016
WHO launches Global Hearts Initiative to combat hypertension
WHO and the US CDC launch the Global Hearts Initiative — a partnership with Resolve to Save Lives — to implement the HEARTS technical package for cardiovascular disease management in primary care. The initiative would go on to improve hypertension control in dozens of countries.
Source: WHO / US CDC, September 2016
September 2023
📋 WHO releases first Global Report on Hypertension: "The Race Against a Silent Killer"
WHO publishes its first-ever comprehensive Global Report on Hypertension, estimating 1.28 billion adults have hypertension globally. The report introduces the first international country-by-country hypertension profiles and calls for urgent integration of hypertension control into universal health coverage. Nigeria is among the countries with the highest absolute burden.
Source: WHO Global Report on Hypertension 2023, Geneva
September 2025
🚨 WHO Second Global Hypertension Report: 1.4 billion — 4 in 5 still uncontrolled
Released at the 80th UN General Assembly, the WHO Second Global Report on Hypertension reveals 1.4 billion adults now have hypertension — yet only 1 in 5 has it under control. 99 countries have control rates below 20%. WHO Director-General calls the situation an emergency: "Every hour, over 1,000 lives are lost to preventable strokes and heart attacks."
Source: WHO Global Report on Hypertension 2025 · WHO News, September 23, 2025
💊
Section 8
Treatment Landscape — 2025 Status
Hypertension is one of the most treatable conditions in medicine. Effective generic medicines cost as little as $5 per year. Yet access, adherence, and awareness gaps mean most people with high blood pressure remain uncontrolled.
💊
ACE Inhibitors / ARBs
Lisinopril, enalapril, losartan — first-line drugs for most hypertension patients. Affordable generics available worldwide. Protect kidneys and heart. Available in Nigeria but supply chain gaps persist outside major urban centres.
First-Line
🩺
Calcium Channel Blockers
Amlodipine and nifedipine are highly effective, affordable, and widely used in Nigeria and Africa. Particularly effective in patients of African descent, for whom calcium channel blockers often outperform other drug classes in blood pressure reduction.
First-Line Africa
💉
Thiazide diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone) remove excess fluid and sodium, lowering blood pressure. Low-cost and effective, particularly in combination with other agents. WHO-recommended as core medicines for hypertension control.
Thiazide Diuretics
WHO Essential
🥦
Lifestyle Modification
Salt reduction (target <5g/day), regular physical activity (30 min/day), healthy diet, weight loss, no tobacco, and limiting alcohol can reduce systolic BP by 5–20 mmHg — equivalent to a medication. First-line treatment for Stage 1 hypertension.
Non-Pharmacological
🔗
Fixed-Dose Combinations (FDCs)
Single pills containing two or three antihypertensives dramatically improve adherence — patients are more likely to take one pill than three. WHO HEARTS package promotes FDCs. Nigeria's HTN Programme has adopted FDCs as a core strategy with excellent results (>90% treatment rate).
Improves Adherence
📱
Digital & Community-Based Care
Home blood pressure monitoring, community health worker programmes, and pharmacy-based screening are transforming hypertension detection and control in Nigeria. The HTN Programme's community health worker model achieved >50% control rates among 21,000 patients in Nigeria by 2023.
Emerging Model
📌
Section 9 — Key Takeaways
What the Data Tells Us
-
1Hypertension is the world's leading preventable killer — and it is getting worse. Cases doubled from 650 million in 1990 to 1.4 billion in 2024. Over 10 million people die from it every year. Yet it is both preventable and treatable with medicines that cost as little as $5 per year. The crisis is one of awareness and access, not science. (WHO Global Report, 2025)
-
2Nigeria's hypertension burden has grown by 540% in 25 years — with a 3% control rate. With approximately 30–34% of Nigerian adults affected and absolute cases growing explosively since 1995, hypertension is now Nigeria's leading NCD burden. Yet only 3% of all hypertension cases in Nigeria are adequately controlled — meaning 97 in 100 people with high blood pressure are at daily risk of stroke and heart attack. (Adeloye et al., 2021)
-
3Africa has the world's highest regional hypertension prevalence at 46%. Nearly half of all African adults aged 30–79 have high blood pressure. This is the highest of any WHO region globally — compared to 29% in the Western Pacific. Yet Africa has the lowest treatment and control rates, creating a catastrophic and preventable burden of cardiovascular disease. (WHO Fact Sheet, 2025)
-
4Community-based and pharmacy-based screening is showing what is possible in Nigeria. The HTN Programme — embedding hypertension care in primary healthcare centres — achieved treatment rates of over 90% and control rates above 50% among registered patients by 2023. This is proof that with the right system, hypertension can be controlled even in resource-limited settings. (Ogungbe et al., 2024)
-
5600 million people don't know they have hypertension — and that is the core danger. Hypertension causes no symptoms until it causes a stroke or heart attack. 44% of all people with hypertension globally have never been diagnosed. In Nigeria, opportunistic community screening in 2023 revealed very high rates of completely undiagnosed hypertension in Lagos — pointing to pharmacies as a critical and underused first point of detection. (WHO 2025 / PubMed 2026)
❓
Section 10 — FAQ
Frequently Asked Questions
A 2021 systematic review and meta-analysis of 53 Nigerian studies (78,949 participants) by Adeloye et al. in the Journal of Clinical Hypertension found a crude hypertension prevalence of 30.6% among Nigerian adults. A 2024 study presented at the European Heart Journal found 33.9% of screened adults had hypertension. Based on Nigeria's adult population of approximately 140–150 million, this translates to an estimated 40–50 million Nigerians living with hypertension. Absolute cases grew by 540% from 1995 to 2020. The South-South geopolitical zone shows some of the highest rates, but hypertension is widespread across all regions, with urban populations particularly affected.
According to WHO and standard clinical guidelines: Normal blood pressure is systolic <120 mmHg AND diastolic <80 mmHg. Elevated blood pressure (pre-hypertension) is systolic 120–129 mmHg with diastolic <80 mmHg. Stage 1 Hypertension is systolic 130–139 mmHg OR diastolic 80–89 mmHg (per ACC/AHA 2017 guidelines). Stage 2 Hypertension is systolic ≥140 mmHg OR diastolic ≥90 mmHg — this is the threshold used by WHO and most international guidelines including those in Nigeria. Hypertensive crisis (emergency) is systolic >180 mmHg or diastolic >120 mmHg — requires immediate medical attention. Blood pressure should be measured on at least two separate days before confirming a diagnosis of hypertension. (WHO / ACC/AHA 2017 / NICE guidelines)
According to WHO Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, speaking at the release of the WHO Global Report on Hypertension 2025 in September 2025: "Uncontrolled high blood pressure claims more than 10 million lives every year." These deaths occur primarily through heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and heart failure caused by uncontrolled blood pressure. In 2019, high systolic blood pressure was the single leading risk factor for deaths globally, accounting for 10.8 million deaths — 19.2% of all deaths worldwide. The vast majority of these deaths are in low- and middle-income countries, including Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa, where diagnosis, treatment and control rates remain critically low. (Source: WHO Global Report on Hypertension 2025 · GBD 2019)
Most hypertension (90–95%) is classified as primary (essential) hypertension — meaning no single identifiable cause. The main risk factors are: Age (blood pressure tends to rise with age); Excess salt/sodium intake (a major driver in Nigeria, where processed foods and seasoning cubes are widely consumed); Obesity and overweight; Physical inactivity; Excessive alcohol consumption; Tobacco use; Chronic stress; Family history/genetics (people of African descent have a biological predisposition to hypertension); and Diabetes. Secondary hypertension (5–10% of cases) has identifiable causes — most commonly chronic kidney disease, thyroid disorders, or sleep apnea. A 2024 country-wide Nigerian survey found that age (55+), overweight/obesity, low physical activity, being married, and alcohol consumption were the strongest predictors of hypertension in Nigeria. (Journal of Human Hypertension, 2024)
For most people, hypertension cannot be permanently "cured" but it can be effectively managed and controlled for life. In some cases — particularly in people with Stage 1 hypertension who are overweight — significant weight loss, dietary changes, salt reduction, and regular exercise can normalise blood pressure without medication. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet has been shown to reduce systolic blood pressure by up to 11 mmHg. For secondary hypertension (caused by an identifiable underlying condition such as kidney disease or a hormone tumour), treating the underlying cause can resolve hypertension. For the vast majority of people, especially those with long-standing hypertension or Stage 2 disease, daily antihypertensive medication alongside lifestyle changes is required for life. The key message from WHO: hypertension is controllable — and controlling it prevents stroke, heart attack, and kidney failure. (WHO / AHA / HEARTS package)
The WHO HEARTS technical package and Nigeria's National Hypertension Treatment Protocol recommend several first-line antihypertensive medicines widely available in Nigeria: Amlodipine (calcium channel blocker) — highly effective in patients of African descent and widely available as a generic; Lisinopril or Enalapril (ACE inhibitors) — protect the kidneys and heart; Losartan (ARB) — well tolerated alternative for patients who develop a cough on ACE inhibitors; Hydrochlorothiazide (thiazide diuretic) — affordable and effective, commonly used in combination. For most Nigerian patients, combination therapy — sometimes in a fixed-dose pill — achieves better control than single-drug therapy. The Nigeria HTN Programme achieved >90% treatment rates and >50% control rates using fixed-dose combinations in primary care settings. Always consult a pharmacist or doctor for individual treatment decisions, as the best medicine depends on your specific health profile. (Nigeria HTN Programme · WHO HEARTS · Ogungbe et al., 2024)
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📎 How to Cite This Page
APA Format
Enavec Pharmacy. (2025, April). How many people have high blood pressure globally? [2025 data]. Enavec Pharmacy. https://enavecpharmacy.com/hypertension-statistics
MLA Format
Enavec Pharmacy. "How Many People Have High Blood Pressure Globally? [2025 Data]." Enavec Pharmacy, April 2025, enavecpharmacy.com/hypertension-statistics.
Plain Text
Source: Enavec Pharmacy (April 2025). High Blood Pressure Statistics [2025]. Retrieved from enavecpharmacy.com/hypertension-statistics
📚 Primary Sources & Methodology
Every statistic on this page is sourced from WHO official reports, peer-reviewed journals, or national health data. All sources are named, dated, and verifiable.
1
WHO Global Report on Hypertension 2025. "Uncontrolled high blood pressure puts over a billion people at risk." Released at 80th UN General Assembly, September 23, 2025. who.int/news/item/23-09-2025
2
WHO Hypertension Fact Sheet. World Health Organization. Updated September 25, 2025. who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension
3
The Lancet. WHO global report on hypertension 2025. Lancet commentary. November 15, 2025. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)02208-1
4
Adeloye D, Owolabi EO, Ojji DB et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Nigeria in 1995 and 2020: A systematic analysis of current evidence. J Clin Hypertens. 2021;23(5):963–977. doi: 10.1111/jch.14220
5
Shogade TT, Effiong BA, Udosen AU et al. Trend in the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among adults in Nigeria over a 4-year period. European Heart Journal. Volume 45, Supplement 1, October 2024. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae666.2563
6
Ogungbe O, Abasilim C, Huffman MD et al. Improving hypertension control in Nigeria: early policy implications from the Hypertension Treatment in Nigeria program. Global Health Research and Policy. 2024;9:26. doi: 10.1186/s41256-024-00368-9
7
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. Lancet. 2021;398(10304):957–980.
8
American Heart Association. Deaths from high blood pressure-related kidney disease up nearly 50% in the past 25 years. AHA Newsroom. September 4, 2025. newsroom.heart.org
9
Journal of Human Hypertension. Socio-demographic and lifestyle factors associated with hypertension in Nigeria: results from a country-wide survey. Nature / JHH. 2024;38:365–370. doi: 10.1038/s41371-022-00673-1
10
PubMed / BMC Public Health. Unmasking the contemporary burden of hypertension in Lagos, Nigeria: insights from an opportunistic screening. Published January 23, 2026. doi: 10.1186/s12889-026-26310-x
11
PMC. The global epidemiology of hypertension. Nature Reviews Cardiology / PMC. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7998524/. 2021.
12
JACC. Prevalence, Awareness, and Treatment of Hypertension in 37 African Countries: Trends From 2003 to 2022. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2025. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2025.09.1600
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